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The global population growth requires constant increase in wheat productivity to satisfy the needs. If during and after Green Revolu- tion annual wheat genetic gains exceeded 2.5%, they slowed down in 2000 to below 1%. In order to satisfy the growing needs wheat productivity gain shall be within 1-1.5% in the future. Agronomy contribution to productivity gains is very important but new varie- ties also represent potential for keeping grain yield increases in the future. Unfortunately, the environmental conditions associated with the climate change result in abiotic and biotic stresses which limit wheat grain yield in many regions of the world. Traditional breeding is only able to maintain wheat grain yields from declining by main- taining the disease resistance and yield level. New modern approaches like utilization of molecular markers, genomic selection, double hap- loids, high throughput phenotyping, hybrids, etc will assist in accel- erating the genetic gains. The role of wheat genetic resources is very important in combatting the consequences of the climate change. Free exchange of the modern highly productive germplasm is essential for wheat breeding programs all over the world to benefit through utilization of new traits, genes and gene combinations. Wheat lan- draces have been successfully used recently to enhance micronutri- ents content in grain. Synthetic hexaploid wheat which originated from crosses between durum wheat and Aegilops taushii represents an important source of useful traits associated with drought and heat tolerance as well as yield potential. Modern methodologies of wheat genetic resources utilization are discussed.