Medicinal plants have a long history and still play an important role in the desert communities in Sinai, East and West deserts, Egypt. This work provides significant phytochemical and pharmacological information on medicinal plants of different deserts in Egypt. Yet no enough studies of these unique communities are available in the scientific literature. It was found that the inhabitants (Bedouin populations) in these areas use herbal as nutrition and ethnomedical food for centuries, up to today. The information was collected from interviews with local herbal healers and people living in scattered areas of these deserts. The information described data on 40 plants, belonging to 16 botanical families, which were claimed as medicinal plants. The most represented families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, and Papaveraceae. Diverse important phytochemicals have been isolated from these plants, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oils. The identified medicinal plants are known for ethnomedicinal and pharmacological uses because of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-parasitic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-spasmodic, and diuretic activities. The present work has demonstrated the great potential of Egyptian deserts as a source of wild plants that can be used in the treatment of many human ailments.