Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) represents one of the most economically and culturally important perennial crops worldwide. Modern viticulture faces increasing challenges associated with climate change, emerging pathogens, genetic erosion of traditional cultivars, and the need for sustainable production systems. The preservation of valuable genotypes, including both wine varieties and rootstocks with specific adaptive traits, is therefore of critical importance. Conventional field conservation is often limited by environmental risks, pathogen pressure, and high maintenance costs. In this context, plant tissue culture techniques, particularly in vitro cultivation, offer a reliable alternative for the safe conservation, rapid propagation, and distribution of high-quality, pathogen-free planting material.

In vitro methods enable not only clonal propagation but also the establishment of genetic resource collections under controlled conditions, minimizing the risk of genotype loss due to abiotic stress or disease outbreaks. Furthermore, these techniques are essential for supporting breeding programs, facilitating the exchange of plant material, and enabling long-term conservation strategies such as slow-growth storage or cryopreservation. Despite its advantages, successful in vitro establishment of grapevine remains genotype-dependent and technically demanding, particularly in the stages of explant sterilization and initial culture establishment.