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Significant differences are revealed between studied varieties of legumes (soy, peas, chickpeas) in content as the total protein and 7S and 11S globulin fractions which are considered the most promising for food production. Two methods of isolation and identification of the 7S and 11S globulin fractions of soybean seeds are developed. There was found polymorphism in content and component composition of 7S and 11S seed globulins of soybean genotypes of different phylogenetic origin, F2- F8 hybrids and their parental forms. It has been shown that soybean genotypes of different phylogenetic origin are characterized by polymorphism of its composition of 7S and 11S globulin subunits α, α1, β and components A3, A5, and A and B that affect human health. Developed fast and accurate method of determining the total amount and the component content of sugars in plant material using anthrone method and gas chromatography, which is suitable for mass analysis.